{"id":8697,"date":"2023-04-05T18:05:01","date_gmt":"2023-04-05T16:05:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.franz-josef.cz\/?post_type=expozice&#038;p=8697"},"modified":"2023-07-29T19:08:17","modified_gmt":"2023-07-29T17:08:17","slug":"koncentracni-tabory-veznice-rad-a-jine-ii-svetova-valka","status":"publish","type":"expozice","link":"https:\/\/www.franz-josef.cz\/en\/expozice\/filatelie-cirkular\/koncentracni-tabory-veznice-rad-a-jine-ii-svetova-valka\/","title":{"rendered":"Koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bory , v\u011bznice , RAD a jin\u00e9&#8230; II.sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8697\" class=\"elementor elementor-8697\" data-elementor-post-type=\"expozice\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c01a616 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c01a616\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-adce6a3\" data-id=\"adce6a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb867d4 elementor-grid-eael-col-4 elementor-grid-tablet-eael-col-2 elementor-grid-mobile-eael-col-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-post-grid\" data-id=\"cb867d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;eael_post_grid_columns&quot;:&quot;eael-col-4&quot;,&quot;eael_post_grid_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;eael-col-2&quot;,&quot;eael_post_grid_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;eael-col-1&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"eael-post-grid.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"eael-post-grid-cb867d4\" class=\"eael-post-grid-container\">\n            <div class=\"eael-post-grid eael-post-appender eael-post-appender-cb867d4 eael-post-grid-style-one\" data-layout-mode=\"grid\"><p class=\"no-posts-found\">No posts found!<\/p><\/div>\n            <div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d013eaf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d013eaf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-244c7c71\" data-id=\"244c7c71\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e62ce9b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4e62ce9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68f17d1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"68f17d1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fotogalerie se nach\u00e1z\u00ed i v na\u0161em archivu muzea.<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c71eee5 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2c71eee5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-size-sm\" role=\"button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">P\u0159ej\u00edt do archivu<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a7b616 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9a7b616\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-915613c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"915613c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-11c1094\" data-id=\"11c1094\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e752d2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e752d2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"abstract\"><p>Zobrazen\u00e1 korespondence je pro sb\u011bratelsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely &#8211; jako srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed materi\u00e1l ob\u00e1lek , raz\u00edtek a tiskopis\u016f . Pokud se n\u011bkoho dotkne , \u017ee jsou zde zobrazeny dopisy po jejich p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch \u010di zn\u00e1m\u00fdch &#8230;. p\u0159edem se omlouv\u00e1me . Materi\u00e1ly byly zobrazeny v dobr\u00e9 v\u016fli a bez potenci\u00e1ln\u00edho zisku.Pokud v\u0161ak i k t\u00e9to situaci dojde &#8211; m\u011bjte pros\u00edm toleranci . Korespondenci si prohl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed stovky sb\u011bratel\u016f , kte\u0159\u00ed tyto materi\u00e1ly vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ke studiu a obohacen\u00ed sv\u00fdch poznatk\u016f o fungov\u00e1n\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 po\u0161ty ,atd.Dal\u0161\u00ed aspekt je,\u017ee takto ulo\u017een\u00e1 v\u011bc je na v\u011bky archivovan\u00e1 a nem\u016f\u017ee se ztratit v propadli\u0161ti d\u011bjin.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"content\"><p><strong>Ve sb\u00edrce je zastoupeno n\u011bkolik mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdch celk\u016f korespondece s unik\u00e1tn\u00edmi jednotlivostmi.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Mnoho korespondence je sv\u00fdm obsahem velice dramatick\u00e1 a hr\u016fzostra\u0161n\u00e1 &#8211; ukazuj\u00edc na tehdej\u0161\u00ed teror a nemohoucnost jeho ob\u011bt\u00ed.Proto nikdy nezapome\u0148me na tyto doby a vzdejme chvilkovou \u010dest a souc\u00edt\u011bn\u00ed po letech ob\u011btem koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Jeden celek pat\u0159\u00ed i na\u0161\u00ed inteligenci , kter\u00e1 byla vzata jako rukojm\u00ed ( ani\u017e by cokoliv proti re\u017eimu podnikla ).Mohli pouze po \u010dase napsat dom\u016f &#8230; JSEM \u017dIV &#8230;s vlastnoru\u010dn\u00edm podpisem.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Dal\u0161\u00ed mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd celek je z v\u011bznice WALDHEIM in SACHSEN. Na \u010desk\u00e9m filatelistick\u00e9m trhu nezn\u00e1m\u00e1 v\u011bznice .Mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 je i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016fvodn\u00edho l\u00edstku o podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch psan\u00ed dopis\u016f &#8230;. verze v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b i v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Dachau<\/strong><\/p><p>Dachau pat\u0159\u00ed k prvn\u00edm koncentra\u010dn\u00edm t\u00e1bor\u016fm z\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdm po uchopen\u00ed moci Hitlerem. Byl z\u0159\u00edzen roku 1933 sz. od Mnichova. Byl ur\u010den k soust\u0159ed\u011bnn\u00ed komunist\u016f, soci\u00e1ln\u00edch demokrat\u016f a jin\u00fdch antifa\u0161ist\u016f. Rozkl\u00e1dal se v nehostinn\u00e9 ba\u017einat\u00e9 krajin\u011b, pln\u00e9 ra\u0161elini\u0161t a mo\u010d\u00e1l\u016f. C\u00edlem dachautsk\u00fdch v\u011bz\u0148\u016f bylo, aby tento kraj zkultivovali, vybudovali na n\u011bm parky, plant\u00e1\u017ee okrasn\u00fdch kv\u011btin, aby tu vystav\u011bli komplex tov\u00e1ren a d\u00edlen. Na vstupn\u00ed br\u00e1n\u011b t\u00e1bora bylo naps\u00e1no heslo, kter\u00e9 bylo naps\u00e1no na bran\u00e1ch v\u0161ech koncentr\u00e1k\u016f: \u201eArbeit macht frei\u201c.<\/p><p>Dachau byl prvn\u00edm a z\u00e1rove\u0148 vzorov\u00fdm t\u00e1borem. M\u011bl zde b\u00fdt vyzkou\u0161en syst\u00e9m spr\u00e1vy t\u00e1bora, jeho re\u017eim i zp\u016fsob zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s v\u011bzni.<\/p><p>Dachau neblaze proslul i pseudov\u011bdeck\u00fdmi pokusy, p\u0159i nich\u017e mnoho v\u011bz\u0148\u016f zahynulo. V\u0161eobecn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e1 byla v\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 stanice mal\u00e1rie. Ve stanici bylo naka\u017eeno a\u017e 2000 v\u011bz\u0148\u016f.<\/p><p>Ve v\u0161eobecnou zn\u00e1most ve\u0161ly v t\u00e1bo\u0159e i pokusy, p\u0159i nich\u017e v\u011bz\u0148ov\u00e9 byli pono\u0159ov\u00e1ni do ledov\u00e9 vody. Do kone\u010dn\u00edku jim byl zaveden kabelov\u00fd teplom\u011br. M\u011b\u0159ila se jim hladina krevn\u00edho cukru, dus\u00edku, v\u00e1pn\u00edku a jin\u00fdch l\u00e1tek p\u0159i sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed teploty t\u011bla. Pokus zpravidla kon\u010dil smrt\u00ed v\u011bzn\u011b.Byly tak\u00e9 kon\u00e1ny pokusy o p\u016fsoben\u00ed vysok\u00e9ho a n\u00edzk\u00e9ho tlaku a nedostatku kysl\u00edku na lidsk\u00fd organismus. K t\u011bmto pokus\u016fm m\u011bli l\u00e9ka\u0159i uzav\u0159en\u00e9 zvony. V\u017edy 5-15 mlad\u00fdch v\u011bz\u0148\u016f bylo uzav\u00edr\u00e1no do komor, kde doch\u00e1zelo ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m tlaku vzduchu. N\u00e1sledkem pokus\u016f u nich vznikaly embolie, kolapsy, infarkty, chrlen\u00ed krve, nervov\u00e9 poruchy, mrtvice atp.<\/p><p>Byla tak\u00e9 z\u0159\u00edzena stanice na v\u00fdzkum flegm\u00f3ny( hnisav\u00e9ho z\u00e1n\u011btu podko\u017en\u00ed tk\u00e1n\u011b). U nemocn\u00fdch v\u011bz\u0148\u016f vytahovali injek\u010dn\u00ed st\u0159\u00e1ka\u010dkou tekut\u00fd hnis a vst\u0159ikovali ho zdrav\u00fdm v\u011bz\u0148\u016fm do sval\u016f, do \u017eil a pod k\u016f\u017ei. V\u011bt\u0161inou v\u0161ichni dost\u00e1vali otravu.<\/p><p>V letech 1939-1945 bylo do Dachau deportov\u00e1nona 3600 \u010cechoslov\u00e1k\u016f, z nich\u017e zde 1399 prokazateln\u011b zahynulo.<\/p><p>29. dubna 1945 byl koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bor Dachau osvobozen americkou arm\u00e1dou. Koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bor byl sice svobodn\u00fd, ale v dal\u0161\u00edch t\u00fddnech um\u00edrali des\u00edtky v\u011bz\u0148\u016f denn\u011b, proto\u017ee tam za\u010dala \u0159\u00e1dit epidemie skvrnivky.<\/p><p><strong>Ravensbr\u00fcck<\/strong><\/p><p>Koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bor Ravensbr\u00fcck se nach\u00e1zel asi 90 kilometr\u016f severn\u011b od Berl\u00edna. Ravensbr\u00fcck byl od sam\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00e1tku ur\u010den v\u00fdhradn\u011b pro \u017eeny. Po\u010det v\u011bz\u0148\u016f v koncentra\u010dn\u00edm t\u00e1bo\u0159e se neust\u00e1le zvy\u0161oval. Na konci roku 1942 bylo v t\u00e1bo\u0159e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 11 tis\u00edc \u017een. V roce 1944 p\u0159i\u0161lo do t\u00e1bora dal\u0161\u00edch 70 000 v\u011bzenky\u0148. Tyto \u017eeny byly p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bny na pr\u00e1ci do pobo\u010dn\u00fdch komand n\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00edch ke kmenov\u00e9mu Od l\u00e9ta 1942 byly v Ravensbr\u00fccku prov\u00e1d\u011bny l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 pokusy, mj. se sulfonamidy k l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed hnisaj\u00edc\u00edch ran a n\u00e1siln\u00e9 sterilizace mlad\u00fdch d\u00edvek. \u017deny v Ravensbr\u00fccku byly vra\u017ed\u011bny st\u0159elbou do t\u00fdla \u010di usmrcov\u00e1ny fenolov\u00fdmi injekcemi. Za\u010d\u00e1tkem roku 1945 zde byla postavena tak\u00e9 plynov\u00e1 komora.<\/p><p>Z celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu 132 000 \u017een a d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pro\u0161ly Ravensbr\u00fcckem, zahynulo 92 000 ob\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p><p><strong>Flossenb\u00fcrg<\/strong><\/p><p>T\u00e1bor Flossenb\u00fcrg byl otev\u0159en po\u010d\u00e1tkem kv\u011btna 1938 a jeho prvn\u00ed v\u011bz\u0148ov\u00e9 byli p\u0159ivezeni z Dachau. Volba m\u00edsta pobl\u00ed\u017e \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 hranice nebyla n\u00e1hodn\u00e1 &#8211; ji\u017e v t\u00e9to dob\u011b pl\u00e1novalo n\u011bmeck\u00e9 veden\u00ed a arm\u00e1da zni\u010den\u00ed \u010ceskoslovenska. Flossenb\u00fcrg pat\u0159il mezi t\u00e1bory, jejich\u017e c\u00edlem bylo maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed otrock\u00e9 s\u00edly v\u011bz\u0148\u016f ve prosp\u011bch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho zbrojen\u00ed nacistick\u00e9ho N\u011bmecka.<\/p><p>A\u010dkoli byl p\u016fvodn\u011b po\u010det v\u011bz\u0148\u016f pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n na 1600, v roce 1945 v n\u011bm bylo v hrozn\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch nat\u011bsn\u00e1no a\u017e 15 tis\u00edc v\u011bz\u0148\u016f. Prvn\u00ed v\u011bz\u0148ov\u00e9 t\u00e1bora pat\u0159ili mezi tzv. &#8222;krimin\u00e1ln\u00ed&#8220;, Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku v\u011bt\u0161ina v\u011bz\u0148\u016f pracovala v granitov\u00fdch lomech &#8211; z jimi vyt\u011b\u017een\u00e9ho kamene byly stav\u011bny mnoh\u00e9 nacistick\u00e9 monument\u00e1ln\u00ed stavby, nap\u0159. tzv. Reichsparteitagsgel\u00e4nde (are\u00e1l pro zased\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9ho sjezdu NSDAP) v Norimberku. V\u011bz\u0148ov\u00e9 pracovali v nelidsk\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, bez dostate\u010dn\u00e9 stravy. Ji\u017e od l\u00e9ta 1944 se t\u00e1bor Flossenb\u00fcrg stal c\u00edlem tzv. evakua\u010dn\u00edch transport\u016f, pochod\u016f smrti z t\u00e1bor\u016f uzav\u00edran\u00fdch kv\u016fli postupu spojeneck\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch sil. Od 17. dubna 1945 byl z Flossenb\u00fcrgu vypraven prvn\u00ed pochod smrti, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem bylo Dachau. 23. dubna 1945 t\u00e1bor osvobodili ameri\u010dt\u00ed voj\u00e1ci.<\/p><p><strong>Mathausen<\/strong><\/p><p>Byl zalo\u017een roku 1938, jako prvn\u00ed t\u00e1bor mimo vlastn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed N\u011bmecka. Le\u017e\u00ed u m\u011bsta Linc. Pro volbu tohoto m\u00edsta byl rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdskyt \u017euly a lomy. T\u00e1bor byl za\u0159azen do III. stupn\u011b \u2013 pro \u201enenapraviteln\u00e9\u201c, co\u017e pro vez\u0148\u011b znamenalo velmi t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 podm\u00ednky. V\u011bz\u0148\u016f se pou\u017e\u00edvalo jako levn\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed s\u00edly, zpo\u010d\u00e1tku p\u0159i t\u011b\u017eb\u011b \u017euly a kamen\u016f, pozd\u011bji byli nasazeni ve v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8699,"parent":7785,"template":"","podexpozice":[212],"class_list":["post-8697","expozice","type-expozice","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","podexpozice-filatelie-cirkular"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.12 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Expozice Koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bory , v\u011bznice , RAD a jin\u00e9... 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